Sustainable agriculture

Pest surveillance is the fundamental tool in IPM for taking management decisions. It requires estimation of changes in the pest distribution and their abundance information about the life history of pests and influence of natural enemies and the effect of climatic factors on pest populations.

Feed for the shrimp should contain a minimum recommended protein content of 32-45%. The percentage of feed depends on the size of shrimp. The diet should include protein, lipid, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals etc

Saffron needs well drained soil with good organic content. Soil with neutral clay content or silty soil is considered good for saffron farming. The pH level of the soil should be around 6 to 8. Too much clay is not needed by the plants and should be improved by adding soil, peat or compost.

Saffron is considered as an autumn flowering plant, perennial in nature. The eastern Mediterranean climate is believed to be the best for growing saffron because this plant  descends from that place. Other places which are suitable for saffron cultivation are Eurasia, Iran, Spain, India and Greece. Iran is considered to be the largest producer of saffron in the world accounting to 94 % of the total production.

The dragon fruit which is propagated through seeds takes approximately about 1-4 weeks for the seeds to germinate, but they can be made to germinate even faster. The seeds that are obtained from within the fruit should be washed thoroughly with water so that there is no flesh attached to them and are left to dry overnight. Planting the seeds in a tray, close to the upper surface of the soil, and covering the tray with a plastic cover to help germinate the seeds within 10 or 15 days.

Although, jackfruit can be cultivated in a range of soils, it thrives in a rich, deep, alluvial and well drained environment. If sufficient nutrients are available, it can grow in open grained or lateritic soil. It thrives in a warm, humid climate up to 1500 meters above sea level.

For a bay laurel growing in the ground, use a 24-8-16 fertilizer diluted at a rate of 1 tablespoon per 1 gallon of water, ½ tea spoon per 1 gallon of water for a aby laurel in a container, or the levels indicated in the fertilizer manufacturers instructions.

Biofloc technology is not only effective in treating the waste but grants nutrition to the aquatic animal. The higher C:N ratio is maintained through the addition of carbohydrates source and the water quality is improved through the production of high-quality single-cell microbial protein. In such conditions, dense microorganisms develop and function as bioreactors controlling water quality and protein food sources. Immobilization of toxic nitrogen species occurs rapidly in Biofloc because the growth rate and microbial production per unit substrate of heterotrophs are ten times greater than that of the autotrophic nitrifying bacteria. This Biofloc technology is based on the principle of flocculation within the system.